COVERING DEMOCRACY

PROTESTS, POLICE, AND THE PRESS

Preface

This report has its genesis in a simple and alarming fact: In the past five years, hundreds of journalists who have been covering peaceful protests, public demonstrations, and acts of civil unrest in the United States have been arrested, physically assaulted, or otherwise forcibly deterred from doing their work by law enforcement personnel. Some of these journalists have been high-profile figures representing legacy media outlets. Many have been freelancers working to build careers in a volatile, evolving media landscape. Some have been activists and community members whose job that day, paid or unpaid, was to witness and report on the conduct of demonstrators, counterdemonstrators, and the police.

The Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University defends the freedoms of speech and the press in the digital age—a mission that means that much of our litigation and research work explores the frontiers of the First Amendment, and novel questions at the intersection of free speech and new technology. But our focus is fundamentally on ensuring that the 21st century free speech ecosystem reflects and advances the bedrock values the First Amendment was meant to serve. That is why we commissioned this important report.

Freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for redress of grievances: These are the protections everyone in this country carries when they join or seek to cover a public expression of dissent. The proper role of federal, state, and local governments and of their law enforcement agencies is to protect these rights. In recent years, however, aggressive new policing tactics and a proliferation of legislation seeking to curtail protest rights have shrunk the space for public dissent, while confrontations between demonstrators and police—and violations of protesters’ First Amendment rights—have soared. The overall state of these foundational rights is a matter of urgent concern, and one that merits a far broader investigation.

This report focuses mainly on the treatment of journalists during protests. This focus does not necessarily derive from or reflect a position that the press enjoys separate or special First Amendment protections. (The meaning of the First Amendment’s press clause will be the subject of a Knight Institute research initiative over the next year.) Rather, it is a recognition more generally that the press is integral to the practice and protection of protest rights as a whole. This is so because without it the words and ideas of protesters may never reach the national stage or enter public debate; this, indeed, is one of the great challenges for protest movements in countries where governments control or largely control the press. And the press is integral to the protection of protest rights quite simply because it is the nation’s witness when law enforcement fails to uphold those rights. It is no coincidence that many of the violations documented in this report occurred when journalists were specifically trying to report on police violence.

We are enormously grateful to Joel Simon, who led this investigation and wrote this report as a senior visiting fellow with the Institute this past year. As a reporter and then as executive director of the Committee to Protect Journalists for 15 years, Joel has grappled with the most challenging press freedom questions for decades; that service to journalists and journalism continues, worthily and urgently, here. We call on everyone who cherishes the right to dissent to read this report carefully and to adopt the recommendations for reform that we have offered at the end.

Introduction

Carolyn Cole has been taking news photos for 30 years, including of war and political violence. A Pulitzer Prize-winning staff photographer for the Los Angeles Times, she has covered conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq, Israel, Kosovo, Liberia, and Sudan; and civil unrest in Nicaragua, Haiti, and on the U.S.-Mexico border.

Only once has she been seriously injured on the job—when members of the Minnesota State Patrol attacked her.

Cole was in Minneapolis on May 30, 2020, to cover the protests that erupted following the murder of George Floyd. A line of state troopers enforcing a curfew charged Cole and a group of other journalists who had positioned themselves to the side of the demonstrators. Cole was wearing a flak jacket marked TV, along with a helmet. She was carrying a press credential and holding several cameras. As troopers unleashed rounds of rubber bullets, Cole and a colleague tried to run away, shouting “Media!” according to Cole’s account. A trooper pushed Cole over a retaining wall, from which she fell, injuring her back. Cole’s left cornea was badly burned by pepper spray, and she spent that night in a hospital, her eyes swollen shut, fearful she would never see (or work) again. Later, Cole and a colleague who was also injured filed a civil suit in the U.S. District Court of Minnesota claiming violation of their constitutional rights and seeking monetary compensation for their injuries.

Minneapolis, MN
05-29-2020

^{Carolyn Cole/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images}

Police have too often attacked and harassed journalists reporting on public dissent. From the civil rights era to the present day, the right of journalists to cover protests and demonstrations in the United States has not been secure. The challenges have grown more acute in recent years as political polarization has deepened; trust between police and journalists has broken down; the public has lost faith in the media; and technology has transformed the newsgathering process.

The inadequacy of press freedom protections was starkly exposed during the Trump administration, when some of the largest street protests in American history took place, including those against the Floyd murder. During that period, police frequently assaulted, arrested, or detained journalists at protests, particularly when enforcing dispersal orders, imposing curfews, or deploying crowd control measures. 5. Kelsey Vlamis, More Than 100 Journalists Were Arrested or Detained While on the Job in the US This Year — A More Than 1,200% Increase from the Year Before, New Report Says. Insider (Dec. 17, 2020, 1:04 AM), https://www.insider.com/117-journalists-arrested-or-detained-on-the-job-in-us-2020-12 [https://perma.cc/T38Y-X6Q8]; Wendy Lee, L.A. Times Journalists Sue Minnesota State Troopers Over Attack., L.A. Times (May 27, 2021, 10:52 AM), https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2021-05-27/los-angeles-times-journalists-sue-minnesota-state-patrol-floyd-protests [https://perma.cc/HF6J-DJQ3].In 2020, at least 129 journalists were arrested covering social justice protests. More than 400 journalists suffered physical attacks, 80 percent of them at the hands of law enforcement. The president’s rhetoric—demonizing the media and urging police to get tough—deepened the conflict. In many instances, including Cole’s, police appeared to have deliberately targeted journalists with tear gas, pepper spray, and rubber bullets—the so-called “less lethal” weapons at the heart of modern crowd control. They confiscated and sometimes damaged newsgathering equipment, and in some cases held on to the equipment for months. These actions had a significant impact on journalists’ ability to do their work freely and safely.

Journalists covering protests are often impeded by the use of aggressive crowd control measures of dubious legality, most notably kettling, a tactic whereby police surround a group of demonstrators and detain or arrest them en masse. Kettling implicates the rights of all protesters, but when journalists are detained during kettling operations they cannot fully document the police activity at the site of a protest, curtailing public awareness and informed debate.

Reported Incidents of Press Freedom Violations
2014-2023

^{U.S. Press Freedom Tracker}

As this report documents, police have targeted journalists in other ways that have hindered their ability to do their jobs. They have denied journalists access to essential information or spaces where protests were taking place. Police sometimes claim that they can’t differentiate between journalists and protesters when everyone is carrying a cellphone, and in a few instances in recent years, violent protesters did try to pass themselves off as members of the press. But these isolated incidents must be placed alongside the many more documented instances in which police appeared to deliberately target journalists, even firing on them with rubber bullets and projectiles which in some cases caused serious injuries. Carolyn Cole eventually recovered, but other photojournalists have been permanently blinded.

The First Amendment affords strong protections to protesters participating in public demonstrations, as well as to journalists covering them. It is vital to our democracy that police uphold these protections. The presence of the media is essential to dissent; it is the oxygen that gives protests life. Media coverage is one of the primary mechanisms by which protesters’ grievances and demands reach the broader public. By bringing incidents of mistreatment of protesters to public attention, media coverage also helps ensure that the authorities, including the police, are accountable to the public they serve. This coverage has frequently proven valuable in challenging official narratives from police or government officials about what took place at a protest. Police must do far more to ensure that officers respect and protect press freedom at protests, and they must hold accountable officers who fall short in this duty.

In most circumstances at a protest, the rights of journalists are the same as the rights of protest participants: All have the right to peacefully assemble, and to document events at the protest by recording and photographing. The First Amendment protects everyone’s right to record, not just that of professional journalists, and for good reason. There have been countless instances in recent years of bystanders recording footage that later became critically important to exposing government misconduct and sparking public debate about the actions of government officials.

It was a bystander, Darnella Frazier, who documented George Floyd’s murder. For those efforts, the Pulitzer Prizes awarded Frazier a special citation.

There is one area in particular where journalists have been afforded distinct rights at protests: They are sometimes exempted from general curfews or orders to disperse. This was the case on May 30, 2020, when state troopers in Minnesota attacked Cole and other journalists. In these circumstances, it is infeasible for police to allow everyone who is photographing or recording events to remain at the scene, because the vast majority of protest participants have smartphones that could be used to engage in these activities. In this limited context, it makes sense for police to draw a distinction between protest participants and bystanders exercising their right to record at a protest, and journalists. Journalists’ primary purpose at a protest is to gather information to be shared with a broader audience and to serve as a public record of what occurred. Journalists must be present to observe the actions of the police, especially when the general public is barred from remaining in the area. It is precisely at the times when the right to assembly is being suppressed that the right to press freedom must be most scrupulously protected.

Minneapolis, MN
05-30-2020

Of course, this requires police to be able to distinguish journalists from other members of the public. How should police do this? In this report, we propose that police focus on what a person is doing at the protest. When an individual tells police they are a member of the press, police should look for observable evidence like the use of visible press credentials, professional camera equipment, or pen and paper for notetaking, the individual’s statements as to what media outlets they work with (or that they are freelance), or behavior, like interviewing protesters or observing the protest from a distance. Where there is doubt, police should adopt a “presumption of journalism” and assume that someone who appears to be engaged in journalism probably is. The adoption of such an approach requires that the police apply judgment, which means allowance must be made for errors made in good faith. Nonetheless, it would mark a significant step forward in obligating police to make a serious effort to protect journalists and ensure they are able to do their jobs at protests.

As this report makes clear, however, many of the most serious press freedom violations that have occurred in recent years do not stem from any difficulty on the part of the police in distinguishing who is and who is not a journalist. Especially since the civil rights protests in the 1950s and 1960s, police have in many cases directed violence toward journalists or targeted them for arrest, preventing them from fulfilling their constitutionally protected role. This report documents many such incidents in recent years, perhaps most notably the arrest of CNN reporter Omar Jimenez on live TV in 2020. As in the past, such high-profile abuses have spurred significant efforts to improve the legal environment for journalism, including through civil suits, legal reform, and new legislation. But such efforts at reform have been difficult to sustain, and the tools at hand are imperfect at best.

Minneapolis, MN
05-29-2020

These challenges exist even in times when the press is held in high regard and its rights are widely recognized and respected. But in recent years, public confidence in the media has reached an all-time low, and former President Trump’s and other officials’ consistent vitriol toward the press has further undermined the relationship between the media and a significant portion of the public. 19. Megan Brenan, Americans’ Trust in Media Remains Near Record Low, Gallup (Oct. 18, 2022), https://news.gallup.com/poll/403166/americans-trust-media-remains-near-record-low.aspx [https://perma.cc/JWG5-6BEL]; Jeffrey Gottfried, et al., Trusting the News Media in the Trump Era, Pew Research Center (Dec. 12, 2019), https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2019/12/12/trusting-the-news-media-in-the-trump-era/ [https://perma.cc/64RG-37X8].With attacks on journalists climbing, lawmakers and law enforcement officials must take further action to safeguard press freedom at protests and to hold police accountable when they deliberately interfere with press freedom or fail to ensure that journalists can work unimpeded.

The growing number of deliberate attacks on journalists also raises the worrying prospect that fewer journalists will be willing to cover protests in the future. Journalists know that their safety is never guaranteed when they are covering developing news stories like protests, but accepting the risks of accidental or incidental injury is a different proposition than the possibility that you will be singled out for mistreatment or arrest because of your work. Several of the journalists interviewed for this report expressed their wariness to continue covering protests due to the harsh treatment they have been subjected to, or have witnessed, at recent protests.

This report is based on dozens of interviews with journalists, researchers, and legal experts. In analyzing trends, we relied on data from the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, whose history and methodology are described in a sidebar. To understand the police perspective, we reviewed court testimony, interviewed investigators, and contacted several police departments across the country. Most did not respond to our request for interviews; one agreed to share background information but declined to speak on the record. We also interviewed a former police official, who is quoted in Chapter 4. The lack of engagement from police was disappointing and indicative of the level of mistrust. Chapter 5 offers a practical approach to ensuring the rights of journalists, and the broader right to record at protests, are protected. Ensuring that media can cover protests freely and safely, particularly in instances where police deploy force, is necessary to the protection of the rights to assembly and speech that are enumerated in the First Amendment and are at the heart of American democracy.

Ch 1: The Trump Inauguration →

Acknowledgments

This report was written by Joel Simon, a Knight First Amendment Institute senior research fellow. Chapter 2 was written by A. Adam Glenn; the sidebar on the First Amendment was written by Katy Glenn Bass. Research and fact-checking assistance came from Sarah Al-Shalash, Colin Cowperthwaite, Carrie DeCell, Anna Diakun, A. Adam Glenn, Lewit Gemeda, Sophia Henderson, Katerina Kaganovich, Soham Mehta, Anusha Merchant, Tolulope Sogade, Sam Subramanian, Victoria Tang, and Madeline Wood, with additional research courtesy of Stephanie Sugars from the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker. The report was edited by Elana Beiser, Anna Diakun, A. Adam Glenn, Katy Glenn Bass, Jameel Jaffer, Larry Siems, and Victoria Tang. The main illustration is by Dominic Bodden. The web layout was designed by Pooj Padmaraj with production assistance from Isabel Adler, Lorraine Kenny, and Candace White.

The report recommendations were drafted by the Knight First Amendment Institute based on the research findings. They present a roadmap for addressing an urgent challenge at the heart of American democracy. In order to guarantee the First Amendment rights of all Americans who participate in demonstrations, journalists covering their activities must be able to perform their job freely and safely.

Chapter 1

The Trump Inauguration

Chapter 2

From Little Rock to Ferguson

Chapter 3

Covering the George Floyd Protests

Chapter 4

Legal Reform in California

Chapter 5

A Presumption of Journalism

Recommendations

Protecting press freedom

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Interview with Carolyn Cole, Staff Photographer, L.A. Times (Nov. 8, 2022).

Id.; Wendy Lee, L.A. Times Journalists Sue Minnesota State Troopers Over Attack, L.A. Times (May 27, 2021, 10:52 AM), https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2021-05-27/los-angeles-times-journalists-sue-minnesota-state-patrol-floyd-protests [https://perma.cc/D7TC-6H42]; Complaint and Demand for Jury Trial, Cole v. Does, No. 0:21-cv-01282 (PJS/JFD) (D. Minn. May 25, 2021).

Larry Buchanan et al., Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History, N.Y. Times (July 3, 2020), https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html [https://perma.cc/SYA6-XVNE].

Kelsey Vlamis, More Than 100 Journalists Were Arrested or Detained While on the Job in the US This Year — A More Than 1,200% Increase from the Year Before, New Report Says. Insider (Dec. 17, 2020, 1:04 AM), https://www.insider.com/117-journalists-arrested-or-detained-on-the-job-in-us-2020-12 [https://perma.cc/T38Y-X6Q8]; Wendy Lee, L.A. Times Journalists Sue Minnesota State Troopers Over Attack., L.A. Times (May 27, 2021, 10:52 AM), https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2021-05-27/los-angeles-times-journalists-sue-minnesota-state-patrol-floyd-protests [https://perma.cc/HF6J-DJQ3].

Sarah Matthews et al., Press Freedoms in the United States 2020: A Review of the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker (2021), https://www.rcfp.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Press-Freedom-Tracker-2020_FINAL.pdf [https://perma.cc/H9VC-B4BR].

Id.

Tom Jones, Attacks on Media Covering the Protests are Simply Following the President’s Rhetoric, Poynter (June 1, 2020), https://www.poynter.org/newsletters/2020/attacks-on-media-covering-the-protests-are-simply-following-the-presidents-rhetoric/ [https://perma.cc/D9L3-3PLC].

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Id.

See infra Chapter 5.

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Giulia McDonnell Nieto del Rio, Darnella Frazier, the Teenager Who Recorded George Floyd’s Murder, Speaks Out, N.Y. Times (July 7, 2021), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/us/darnella-frazier.html [https://perma.cc/J7F5-Y4BG].

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Wendy Lee, L.A. Times Journalists Sue Minnesota State Troopers Over Attack, L.A. Times (May 27, 2021, 10:52 AM), https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2021-05-27/los-angeles-times-journalists-sue-minnesota-state-patrol-floyd-protests [https://perma.cc/D7TC-6H42]; Complaint and Demand for Jury Trial, Cole v. Does, No. 0:21-cv-01282 (PJS/JFD) (D. Minn. May 25, 2021).

Jason Hanna & Amir Vera, CNN Crew Released from Police Custody After They Were Arrested Live on Air in Minneapolis, CNN (May 29, 2020, 8:19 PM), https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/29/us/minneapolis-cnn-crew-arrested/index.html. [https://perma.cc/5K4K-6UKA].

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See, e.g., Press Credentials Office, NYC Press Credentials, https://www.nyc.gov/site/mome/press-card/press-card.page [https://perma.cc/AV4N-C2NX] (last visited May 23, 2023; Student Press Law Center, Know Your Rights When Covering a Protest (Nov. 19, 2021), https://splc.org/2021/11/splc-tip-sheet-covering-protests [https://perma.cc/QG8G-CBE9]; Frank Smyth, Civil Matters and Disturbances, in Journalist Security 35 (2012), https://cpj.org/reports/2012/04/civil-matters-and-disturbances/ [https://perma.cc/5QD7-624Z].

Martin Baron, Opinion, We Want Objective Judges and Doctors. Why Not Journalists Too?, Wash. Post (Mar. 24, 2023, 11:47 AM), https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/03/24/journalism-objectivity-trump-misinformation-marty-baron/ [https://perma.cc/G5BE-G7QY].

Id.; John Bonazzo, From Parkland to #MeToo, 2018 Is the Year Journalism Met Activism, Observer (Apr. 30, 2018, 1:04 PM), https://observer.com/2018/04/journalism-activism-parkland-metoo/ [https://perma.cc/6W4H-N7ZR].

Al Tompkins, 23 Guidelines for Journalists to Safely Cover Protests, Poynter (June 1, 2020), https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2020/23-guidelines-for-journalists-to-safely-cover-protests-this-weekend/ [https://perma.cc/6PDP-CTQV].

Gregory Krieg, Police Injured, More Than 200 Arrested at Trump Inauguration Protests in DC., CNN (Jan. 21, 2017, 4:06 AM), https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/19/politics/trump-inauguration-protests-womens-march [https://perma.cc/HCJ6-TZSC].

Id.; Jonah Engel Bromwich, Felony Charges for Journalists Arrested at Inauguration Protests Raise Fears for Press Freedom, N.Y. Times (Jan. 25, 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/business/media/journalists-arrested-trump-inauguration.html [https://perma.cc/3LCU-AQSU].

Andrew Katz, Trump’s First Day, Time (Jan. 20, 2017), https://time.com/president-donald-trump-inauguration-day-photos/ [https://perma.cc/2U7U-AW98].

Anti-Trump Protests Break Out Across D.C., PBS (Jan. 20, 2017, 7:23 PM), https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/anti-trump-protests-break-across-d-c [https://perma.cc/2U7U-AW98].

Reuters, Protesters Intend to Disrupt Trump Inauguration, Newsweek (Jan. 12, 2017, 6:09 PM), https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-donald-trump-protests-trump-inauguration-trump-transition-542097 [https://perma.cc/84LF-KQWU].

Jonah Engel Bromwich, Felony Charges for Journalists Arrested at Inauguration Protests Raise Fears for Press Freedom, N.Y. Times (Jan. 25, 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/business/media/journalists-arrested-trump-inauguration.html [https://perma.cc/3LCU-AQSU].

Tara Bahrampour et al., Protesters Smash Windows, Police Use Chemical Spray to Deal with Crowds Near Franklin Square, Wash. Post (Jan. 20, 2017, 10:52 AM), https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/2017/live-updates/politics/live-coverage-of-trumps-inauguration/protesters-smash-windows-police-use-chemical-spray-to-deal-with-crowds-near-franklin-squareay-used-at-franklin-square/ [https://perma.cc/2VB3-8G5A].

Trump Inauguration Protest Damages Parts of Downtown Washington, CBS News (Jan. 21, 2017, 1:53 AM), https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-inauguration-protest-damages-downtown-washington/ [https://perma.cc/BB8E-6S3C].

Id.; Tara Bahrampour et al., Protesters Smash Windows, Police Use Chemical Spray to Deal with Crowds Near Franklin Square, Wash. Post (Jan. 20, 2017, 10:52 AM), https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/2017/live-updates/politics/live-coverage-of-trumps-inauguration/protesters-smash-windows-police-use-chemical-spray-to-deal-with-crowds-near-franklin-squareay-used-at-franklin-square/ [https://perma.cc/2VB3-8G5A]; Jonathan Landay & Scott Malone, Violence Flares in Washington During Trump Inauguration, Reuters (Jan. 20, 2017, 1:29 PM), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-inauguration-protests/violence-flares-in-washington-during-trump-inauguration-idUSKBN1540J7 [https://perma.cc/3JF5-TZQH].

Dan Mangan, Violent Protests in DC Streets After Donald Trump Inauguration; Hundreds Arrested, CNBC (Jan. 21, 2017, 1:23 PM), https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/20/mac-attack-trump-protesters-smash-window-at-mcdonalds-bank-of-america-other-businesses-ahead-of-presidential-swearing-in-dc.html [https://perma.cc/2BDB-JSMH].

Id.

Dana Hedgpeth, Surveillance Video Shows Two People Believed To Be Involved in Torching Limo on Inauguration Day, Wash. Post (Feb. 7, 2017), https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/surveillance-video-shows-two-suspects-believed-to-be-involved-in-torching-limo-on-inauguration-day/2017/02/07/a9168e92-ed4e-11e6-9662-6eedf1627882_story.html [https://perma.cc/3H36-VY4U].

First Amended Complaint for Damages at 9-10, Horse v. District of Columbia, No. 17-cv-01216-ABJ (D.D.C. Jan. 3, 2018) (No. 29), https://www.acludc.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/horse_v_dc_redacted_amended_complaint_1-3-2018_0.pdf [https://perma.cc/L3FP-7BFW]; Ryan J. Reilly, Inside the Trial That Could Determine the Future of Free Speech in America’s Capital, HuffPost (Dec. 10, 2017, 6:00 PM), https://www.huffpost.com/entry/protesting-dc-trump-inauguration-trial_n_5a1e1e84e4b0d724fed48d32 [https://perma.cc/8TVP-9X83].

First Amended Complaint for Damages at 15, Horse v. District of Columbia, No. 17-cv-01216-ABJ (D.D.C. Jan. 3, 2018) (No. 29), https://www.acludc.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/horse_v_dc_redacted_amended_complaint_1-3-2018_0.pdf [https://perma.cc/L3FP-7BFW].

Id. at 14; Jaclyn Peiser, Journalist Swept Up in Inauguration Day Arrests Faces Trial, N.Y. Times (Nov. 14, 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/14/business/media/alexei-wood-journalist-trial-inauguration.html [https://perma.cc/4KJW-AMQQ].

Complaint for Damages at 5, Cantú v. District of Columbia, No. 20-cv-00130-ABJ (D.D.C. Jan. 16, 2020) (No. 1), https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16715665/1/cantu-v-district-of-columbia/ [https://perma.cc/W3TE-G9DW]; Aaron Miguel Cantú, New Inquiry, https://thenewinquiry.com/author/aaron-miguel-cantu/ [https://perma.cc/W3TE-G9DW] (last visited Mar. 26, 2023).

Aaron M. Cantú’s Motion to Dismiss the Indictment at 4-5, District of Columbia v. Cantú, No. 2017 CF2 001304 (D.C. Super. Ct. Jan. 19, 2018), https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/4356287/1-19-18-Aaron-Cantu-Motion-to-Dismiss.pdf [https://perma.cc/RGZ5-YJN8].

Id. at 3; About, New Inquiry, https://thenewinquiry.com/about/ [https://perma.cc/X9FE-QWNB] (last visited Mar. 26, 2023); What Is the New Inquiry?, New Inquiry (Apr. 22, 2017), https://thenewinquiry.com/what_is_the_new_inquiry/ [https://perma.cc/AWU7-WFXE]; Caroline O’Donovan, The New Inquiry: Not Another New York Literary Magazine, Nieman Lab (Sept. 18, 2014, 10:00 AM), https://www.niemanlab.org/2014/09/the-new-inquiry-not-another-new-york-literary-magazine/ [https://perma.cc/P42Z-FCRB].

Aaron M. Cantú’s Motion to Dismiss the Indictment at 5, District of Columbia v. Cantú, No. 2017 CF2 001304 (D.C. Super. Ct. Jan. 19, 2018), https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/4356287/1-19-18-Aaron-Cantu-Motion-to-Dismiss.pdf [https://perma.cc/RGZ5-YJN8].

E-mail from Aaron Cantú, Author, Cap. & Main, to Katerina Kaganovich, Intern, Knight First Amendment Institute (Dec. 7, 2022) (on file with author).

Interview with Aaron Miguel Cantú, Investigative Rep., Capital & Main, The Guardian & The Intercept (July 22, 2022).

Eli Watkins, Journalist’s Felony Indictment Draws Scrutiny to Inauguration Day Arrests, CNN, (June 9, 2017, 3:15 PM), https://www.cnn.com/2017/06/08/politics/disruptj20-inauguration-day-arrests/index.html [https://perma.cc/A3QV-PFPM]; Aaron M. Cantú’s Motion to Dismiss the Indictment at 3-5, District of Columbia v. Cantú, No. 2017 CF2 001304 (D.C. Super. Ct. Jan. 19, 2018), https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/4356287/1-19-18-Aaron-Cantu-Motion-to-Dismiss.pdf [https://perma.cc/RGZ5-YJN8].

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Id. at 10.

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Neil Steinberg, The Whole World Watched: 50 Years after the 1968 Chicago Convention, Chi. Sun-Times (Aug. 17, 2018, 6:30 AM), https://chicago.suntimes.com/2018/8/17/18439080/the-whole-world-watched-50-years-after-the-1968-chicago-convention [https://perma.cc/GT9X-TTAS].

Id.

Caitlin Gibson, What Happened in Chicago in 1968, and Why Is Everyone Talking About It Now?, Wash. Post (July 18, 2016, 2:45 PM), https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/07/18/what-happened-in-chicago-in-1968-and-why-is-everyone-talking-about-it-now/ [https://perma.cc/F8DS-7FGA].

Louis Sahagun, A Day of Rage in East L.A., L.A. Times (Aug. 23, 2020), https://www.latimes.com/projects/chicano-moratorium/east-la-protest-gave-voice-chicano-movement/ [https://perma.cc/2JR6-UWY7]; Gustavo Reveles Acosta, Ruben Salazar Killing Left Impact on Hispanics, Journalism, El Paso Times (Aug. 29, 2010, 12:00 AM), https://archive.ph/20130110221358/http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_15928350 [https://perma.cc/7XG6-P5YM].

Louis Sahagun, A Day of Rage in East L.A., L.A. Times (Aug. 23, 2020), https://www.latimes.com/projects/chicano-moratorium/east-la-protest-gave-voice-chicano-movement/ [https://perma.cc/2JR6-UWY7].

Louis Sahagun, A Day of Rage in East L.A., L.A. Times (Aug. 23, 2020), https://www.latimes.com/projects/chicano-moratorium/east-la-protest-gave-voice-chicano-movement/ [https://perma.cc/2JR6-UWY7]; Hector Tobar, Finally, Transparency in the Ruben Salazar Case, L.A. Times (Aug. 5, 2011, 12:00 AM), https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2011-aug-05-la-me-0805-tobar-20110805-story.html [https://perma.cc/82CQ-QWRQ].

Hector Tobar, Finally, Transparency in the Ruben Salazar Case, L.A. Times (Aug. 5, 2011, 12:00 AM), https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2011-aug-05-la-me-0805-tobar-20110805-story.html [https://perma.cc/82CQ-QWRQ].

Martin Kaste, Why Police Departments Across the U.S. Use Different Tactics To Handle Protests, NPR (June 3, 2020, 4:01 PM), https://www.npr.org/2020/06/03/869053481/why-police-departments-across-the-u-s-use-different-tactics-to-handle-protests [https://perma.cc/2PY4-6JS9].
Maggie Koerth & Jamiles Lartey, Why So Many Police Are Handling the Protests Wrong, The Marshall Project (June 1, 2020, 2:55 PM), https://www.themarshallproject.org/2020/06/01/why-so-many-police-are-handling-the-protests-wrong [https://perma.cc/EKJ5-KJSA].

Id.

Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief, Daily News v. Giuliani (S.D.N.Y. 1999).

Id.; Interview with David McCraw, Vice President & Deputy Gen. Couns., N.Y. Times, & Dana Green, Senior Couns., N.Y. Times (July 18, 2022).

Alan Finder, City Tentatively Agrees to Make Crime Scenes More Open to Press, N.Y. Times (July 28, 1989), https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/29/nyregion/city-tentatively-agrees-to-make-crime-scenes-more-open-to-press.html?searchResultPosition=9 [https://perma.cc/57QR-THDC].

Id.

Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief, Daily News v. Giuliani, at 13-14 (S.D.N.Y. 1999).

Id. at 31.

Susan Sachs, The Diallo Shooting: The Reaction; Worlds and Words Collide as Four Are Arraigned in Diallo Case, N.Y. Times (Apr. 1, 1999), https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/01/nyregion/diallo-shooting-reaction-worlds-words-collide-four-are-arraigned-diallo-case.html?searchResultPosition=70 [https://perma.cc/R2PB-KCZK]; Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief, Daily News v. Giuliani at 20, 27 (S.D.N.Y. 1999).

Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief, Daily News v. Giuliani (S.D.N.Y. 1999).

Id. at 42-43; Giuliani Approves Pact on Crime-Scene Access, N.Y. Times, July 30, 1999, at B9, https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/30/nyregion/metro-news-briefs-new-york-giuliani-approves-pact-on-crime-scene-access.html?searchResultPosition=8 [https://perma.cc/Y9NA-K5WU].

Media Members in Peril, News Media & L., Fall 2000, at 14, https://www.rcfp.org/journals/the-news-media-and-the-law-fall-2000/media-members-peril/ [https://perma.cc/SSV3-E22H].

Reporters Arrested, Assaulted by Police at Democratic Convention, Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press (Aug. 18, 2000), https://www.rcfp.org/reporters-arrested-assaulted-police-democratic-convention/ [https://perma.cc/6W25-EGPZ].

ACLU Sues LAPD for Attacks on Press-Update, ACLU S. Cal. (Aug. 21, 2000, 12:00 AM), https://www.aclusocal.org/en/news/aclu-sues-lapd-attacks-press-update [https://perma.cc/RU2C-ARXQ]; MetNews Staff Writer, ACLU, City Reach Settlement in Journalists’ Suit Over Convention Clubbings, Metro. News Enter., Nov. 30, 2001, at 5, http://www.metnews.com/articles/aclu113001.htm [https://perma.cc/F9AW-N3Q6].

Christopher Dunn et al., Rights and Wrongs at the RNC: A Special Report About Police and Protest at the Republican National Convention 1, 23 (2005), https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/publications/nyclu_pub_rights_wrongs_rnc.pdf [https://perma.cc/T4RB-CK2C]; Attacks on the Press 2004: United States, Comm. to Protect Journalists (Mar. 14, 2005, 11:01 AM), https://cpj.org/2005/03/attacks-on-the-press-2004-united-states/ [https://perma.cc/5F9N-NCS3].

Christopher Dunn et al., Rights and Wrongs at the RNC: A Special Report About Police and Protest at the Republican National Convention (2005), https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/publications/nyclu_pub_rights_wrongs_rnc.pdf [https://perma.cc/T4RB-CK2C]; Victory in Unlawful Mass Arrest During 2004 RNC The Largest Protest Settlement in History, N.Y. C.L. Union (Jan. 15, 2014), https://www.nyclu.org/en/press-releases/victory-unlawful-mass-arrest-during-2004-rnc-largest-protest-settlement-history [https://perma.cc/BM8H-5MAF].

Cassandra Belter, Unconventional Arrest, News Media & L., Fall 2004, at 29, https://www.rcfp.org/journals/the-news-media-and-the-law-fall-2004/unconventional-arrests/ [https://perma.cc/W2N3-ZNZE]; Journalists Detained at Republican Convention, Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press (Sept. 1, 2004), https://www.rcfp.org/journalists-detained-republican-convention/ [https://perma.cc/KN3W-CMZ]

Christopher Dunn et al., Rights and Wrongs at the RNC: A Special Report About Police and Protest at the Republican National Convention 11, 14 (2005), https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/publications/nyclu_pub_rights_wrongs_rnc.pdf [https://perma.cc/T4RB-CK2C].

Press Release, NYCLU, Victory in Unlawful Mass Arrest During 2004 RNC the Largest Protest Settlement in History (Jan. 15, 2014) (https://www.nyclu.org/en/press-releases/victory-unlawful-mass-arrest-during-2004-rnc-largest-protest-settlement-history [https://perma.cc/NK5X-NRY4]).

Charges Against ABC News Reporter Arrested During the Democratic National Convention, Reps. Without Borders (Jan. 20, 2016), https://rsf.org/en/charges-against-abc-news-reporter-arrested-during-democratic-national-convention-dropped [https://perma.cc/SUQ4-KTDG].

Jim Romenesko, ABC News Producer Arrested at DNC, Was Trying to Take Photos, Poynter (Aug. 27, 2008), https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2008/abc-news-producer-arrested-at-dnc-was-trying-to-take-photos/ [https://perma.cc/KDD9-S7YX]; Rachel Myers, ACLU Reacts to Arrest of Journalist at DNC, ACLU (Aug. 28, 2008), https://www.aclu.org/news/free-speech/aclu-reacts-arrest-journalist-dnc [https://perma.cc/KDD9-S7YX].

Dozens of Journalists Arrested While Covering RNC, Comm. to Protect Journalists (Sept. 8, 2008, 2:43 PM), https://cpj.org/2008/09/dozens-of-journalists-arrested-while-covering-rnc/ [https://perma.cc/97L2-NSL8]; No Journalists Were Arrested at a National Convention for the First Time in 20 Years, Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press, https://www.rcfp.org/journals/news-media-and-law-fall-2012/no-journalists-were-arrested/ [https://perma.cc/M2AQ-Y2FN] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).

Tasneem Raja, Tracking Journalists Arrested at Occupy Protests, Mother Jones (Nov. 18, 2011), https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/11/tracking-journalists-arrested-occupy-protests/ [https://perma.cc/3775-F9NL]; Kate Linthicum, Opinion, Amy Goodman, One of Four Journalists Arrested at an Anti-RNC Protest, Tells Her Story, L.A. Times (Sept. 3, 2008, 5:00 AM), https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/top-of-the-ticket/story/2008-09-03/opinion-amy-goodman-one-of-four-journalists-arrested-at-an-anti-rnc-protest-tells-her-story [https://perma.cc/LDM3-DF9B].

James A. Anderson, Some Say Occupy Wall Street Did Nothing. It Changed Us More Than We Think, Time (Nov. 15, 2021, 1:31 PM), https://time.com/6117696/occupy-wall-street-10-years-later/ [https://perma.cc/B9ZC-GTSC].

Protest and Assembly Rights Project, Suppressing Protest: Human Rights Violations in the U.S. Response to Occupy Wall Street 87 (2012), http://hrp.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/suppressing-protest-2.pdf [https://perma.cc/2RWD-2UGC].

Jack Mirkinson, Occupy Wall Street November 17: Journalists Arrested, Beaten By Police, HuffPost (Jan. 17, 2012), https://www.huffpost.com/entry/occupy-wall-street-nov-17-journalists-arrested-beaten_n_1099661 [https://perma.cc/73DC-PC7E]; Why I’m Tracking Journalist Arrests at Occupy Protests, Josh Stearns (Nov. 14, 2011), https://stearns.wordpress.com/2011/11/14/why-im-tracking-journalists-arrests-at-occupy-protests/ [https://perma.cc/GF89-N2F3]; Meghan Barr & Colleen Long, Journalists Detained at NYC Occupy Protests, San Diego Union-Trib. (Nov. 15, 2011, 10:06 AM), https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-journalists-detained-at-nyc-occupy-protests-2011nov15-story.html [https://perma.cc/6KE3-E69R]; John Farley, Observations of a Jailed Journalist, MetroFocus (Sept. 27, 2011, 6:00 AM), https://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2011/09/observations-of-a-jailed-journalist/ [https://perma.cc/M5QZ-94FT].

Charlotte Lawrence & Cyrus J. O’Brien, Federal Militarization of Law Enforcement Must End, ACLU (May 21, 2021), https://www.aclu.org/news/criminal-law-reform/federal-militarization-of-law-enforcement-must-end [https://perma.cc/BS7P-SUC7]; Am. C.L. Union, War Comes Home: The Excessive Militarization of American Policing (2014), https://www.aclu.org/report/war-comes-home-excessive-militarization-american-police [https://perma.cc/8PAV-LTTT].

See, e.g., Pen Am. Ctr., Press Freedom Under Fire in Ferguson (2014), https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/PEN_Press-Freedom-Under-Fire-In-Ferguson.pdf [https://perma.cc/W2VE-Q3YZ]. This 2014 report was written by Katy Glenn Bass, who is now the Knight First Amendment Institute’s research director.

Id.

Pen Am. Ctr., Press Freedom Under Fire in Ferguson 9 (2014), https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/PEN_Press-Freedom-Under-Fire-In-Ferguson.pdf [https://perma.cc/W2VE-Q3YZ].

Id. at 13; Joshua Rhett Miller, Police Intentionally Targeted Media in Ferguson, Al Jazeera Cameraman Says, Fox News (Nov. 20, 2015, 7:26 PM), https://www.foxnews.com/us/police-intentionally-targeted-media-in-ferguson-al-jazeera-cameraman-says [https://perma.cc/3MX2-U5T4].

Pen Am. Ctr., Press Freedom Under Fire in Ferguson 30-31 (2014), https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/PEN_Press-Freedom-Under-Fire-In-Ferguson.pdf [https://perma.cc/W2VE-Q3YZ].

Id. at 9, 13-16.

Id. at 14-15.

Id. at 10.

Id. at 2, 17.

Id. at 3.

Ord. at 1, Hussein v. County of Saint Louis, No. 14-cv-1410-JAR (E.D. Mo. Nov. 21, 2014), https://www.aclu-mo.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/040_-_order_regarding_county_0.pdf [https://perma.cc/CSM6-U3VL].

Complaint, Devereaux et al. v. County of St. Louis, 2:15-CV-00023 (E.D. Mo. filed March 30, 2015).
Edward R. Maguire & Megan Oakley, Policing Protests. Lessons from the Occupy Movement, Ferguson & Beyond: A Guide for Police 66 (2020), https://www.hfg.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/PolicingProtests.pdf [https://perma.cc/YL5V-P853].

Jackson Connor, Civil Rights Action Filed on Behalf of Journalists Arrested During Ferguson Protests, HuffPost (Mar. 30, 2015, 4:29 PM), https://www.huffpost.com/entry/civi-rights-action-journalists-ferguson_n_6971346 [https://perma.cc/X8AG-C88X].

Id.

Complaint, Devereaux et al. v. County of St. Louis, 2:15-CV-00023 (E.D. Mo. filed March 30, 2015).

Mariah Stewart, Journalists Arrested in Ferguson Barred from Talking About Settlement (May 16, 2016, 4:53 PM), HuffPost, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/journalists-st-louis-county-police-settlement_n_573a18bee4b060aa781ae513 [https://perma.cc/86Q9-8XGB]; Mariah Stewart, STL Police to Undergo Mandated Training on 1st Amendment Rights, St. Louis Am. (Nov. 2, 2016), https://www.stlamerican.com/news/local_news/stl-police-to-undergo-mandated-training-on-1st-amendment-rights/article_647e0140-9d38-11e6-8f3b-d3f462965feb.html [https://perma.cc/3BB7-42B8].

See, e.g., Complaint at 8-9, Devereaux v. County of St. Louis, No. 3:15-cv-00023 (E.D. Mo. Mar. 30, 2015), https://pdfserver.amlaw.com/nlj/Devereaux%20v%20St%20Louis%20-%20Ferguson%20arrests.pdf [https://perma.cc/5P7D-A4NC].

Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022).

Id.; Mike Shum, Cine Fe, https://www.cinefe.org/mike-shum (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).

Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022); Eric Levenson, Former Officer Knelt on George Floyd for 9 Minutes and 29 Seconds – Not the Infamous 8:46, CNN (Mar. 30, 2021, 6:27 AM), https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/29/us/george-floyd-timing-929-846/index.html [https://perma.cc/M5VB-Y29Y].

Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022).

Id.

Id.; Katie G. Nelson et al., ‘We’re Sick and Tired:’ Voices from Minneapolis Protests, N.Y. Times (May 31, 2020), https://www.nytimes.com/video/us/100000007165404/minneapolis-protests-george-floyd-video.html?action=click&gtype=vhs&version=vhs-heading&module=vhs&region=title-area&cview=true&t=1 [https://perma.cc/HJJ6-6C3S].

Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022).

Id.

Id.; Rioters Set Minneapolis Police Precinct on Fire as Protests Reignite over George Floyd’s Death, Fox 9 (May 28, 2020), https://www.fox9.com/news/rioters-set-minneapolis-police-precinct-on-fire-as-protests-reignite-over-george-floyds-death [https://perma.cc/X9FK-YTK6].

Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022).

Angela Caputo et al., ‘The Precinct is On Fire.’ What Happened at Minneapolis’ 3rd Precinct – And What It Means, APM Reps. (June 30, 2020), https://www.apmreports.org/story/2020/06/30/what-happened-at-minneapolis-3rd-precinct [https://perma.cc/SMG2-9YC4].

Donald Trump (@realDonaldTrump), Twitter (May 29, 2020, 12:53 AM), https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1266231100172615680?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1266231100172615680%7Ctwgr%5Ea839372ec5752d7ef74d0672ff18fb408216d1aa%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Ftrump-blasts-very-weak-mayor-jacob-frey-on-twitter-while-minneapolis-protests-roil%2F570857832%2F [https://perma.cc/Q289-GJXY].

The White House 45 Archived (@WhiteHouse45), Twitter (May 29, 2020, 8:17 AM), https://twitter.com/WhiteHouse45/status/1266342941649506304 [https://perma.cc/2EZ8-8UXM].

Twin Cities, Metro Area Counties Instill Curfews This Weekend Amid Unrest, CBS Minn. (May 30, 2020, 8:10 PM), https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/twin-cities-metro-area-counties-instill-curfews-this-weekend-amid-unrest/ [https://perma.cc/VW2Q-RA8Q].

Id.

Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022).

Don Jacobson & Daniel Uria, Minnesota Gov. Activates National Guard in Response to Protests, UPI (May 28, 2020, 9:29 PM), https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2020/05/28/Minnesota-gov-activates-National-Guard-in-response-to-protests/2181590674953/ [https://perma.cc/TP7B-3RYC].

Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022).

Id.

Complaint and Demand for Jury Trial, Tirado v. City of Minneapolis, 521 F. Supp. 3d 833 (D. Minn. June 10, 2020) (No. 0:20-cv-01338-JRT-ECW), https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Tirado-v-Minneapolis.pdf [https://perma.cc/3YV8-T3LK]; Wil Sands, The Shot-in-the-Eye Squad, Pulitzer Ctr. (May 21, 2021), https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/shot-eye-squad [https://perma.cc/D74G-JGQT].
[Note alarming rise in people losing their eyes at protests]

Jon Haworth et al., Protests in Some Cities Turn More Peaceful, Good Morning America (June 2, 2020), https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/news/story/george-floyd-protest-live-updates-derek-chauvin-moved-70991321 [https://perma.cc/PS8B-ARRF]; MPR News Staff, Floyd Protests: Curfew Compliance, Cops’ Response Ease the Chaos, MPR News (May 30, 2020, 8:31 PM), https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/05/30/floyd-protests-curfew-up-darkness-falls-arrests-begin [https://perma.cc/C74U-7BAV].

MPR News Staff, ‘This is not grieving’: Fires, Looting Rock Mpls. in Floyd Protests, MPR News (May 29, 2020, 2:35 PM), https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/05/29/floyd-protests-mpls-st-paul-order-8-pm-curfews-to-quell-night-chaos [https://perma.cc/QMD2-WQ2S]; WCCO Staff, Minneapolis Gears Up for 4th Night of George Floyd Protests, CBS News (May 29, 2020, 9:56 AM), https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/george-floyd-protesters-gather-at-minneapolis-police-5th-precinct-building/ [https://perma.cc/K5KJ-UGSQ]; Sait Serkan Gurbuz, A Phone Screen Shows an Emergency Alert Before the 8 p.m. Curfew Near the 5th Precinct Police Station During the George Floyd Protests on Saturday, May 30, 2020, in Minneapolis, Minnesota (photograph), Alamy (May 30, 2020), https://www.alamy.com/minneapolis-minnesota-usa-30th-may-2020-a-phone-screen-shows-an-emergency-alert-before-the-8-pm-curfew-near-the-5th-precinct-police-station-during-the-george-floyd-protests-on-saturday-may-30-2020-in-minneapolis-minnesota-credit-sait-serkan-gurbuzzuma-wirealamy-live-news-image359792240.html [https://perma.cc/NAV3-Q8ND].

George Floyd: ‘Unacceptable’ Attacks on Reporters at Protests, BBC News (June 2, 2020), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52880970 [https://perma.cc/93KN-8GHM].

Id.

Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022).

Ed Ou (@edouphoto), Twitter (June 2, 2020, 7:16 PM), https://twitter.com/edouphoto/status/1267958349477249024 [https://perma.cc/2ATG-7KT2].

Id.

Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022).

NBC Producer, Group of Journalists Targeted in Assault by State Patrol, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/nbc-producer-group-journalists-targeted-assault-state-patrol/ [https://perma.cc/4FXQ-XKKA] (last visted Apr. 3, 2023).

Laurin-Whitney Gottbrath & Patrick Strickland, Blinded, Arrested: Police Attack Journalists Covering US Protests, Al Jazeera (June 16, 2020), https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/6/16/blinded-arrested-police-attack-journalists-covering-us-protests [https://perma.cc/4S3U-E6HZ].

Interview with Ed Ou, Photojournalist, Reportage by Getty Images (Aug. 25, 2022); Ed Ou: Photographer, Annenberg Space for Photography, https://www.annenbergphotospace.org/person/ed-ou/ [https://perma.cc/UWM6-QMBU] (last updated Mar. 2013).

Interview with Ed Ou, Photojournalist, Reportage by Getty Images (Aug. 25, 2022).

See supra Introduction; Carolyn Cole: Staff Photographer, L.A. Times, https://www.latimes.com/people/carolyn-cole [https://perma.cc/AW9J-2QKB] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023); Andy Mannix, Los Angeles Times Reporters Assaulted by Minnesota State Patrol During Unrest, Lawsuit Says, Star Trib. (May 26, 2021, 4:06 PM), https://www.startribune.com/los-angeles-times-reporters-assaulted-by-minnesota-state-patrol-during-unrest-lawsuit-says/600061563/ [https://perma.cc/7EYW-B6TQ]; Interview with Carolyn Cole, Staff Photographer, L.A. Times (Nov. 8, 2022).

Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022); Declaration of Ou, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW-DTS) (D. Minn. May 5, 2021), https://ia803207.us.archive.org/0/items/gov.uscourts.mnd.188019/gov.uscourts.mnd.188019.123.0.pdf [https://perma.cc/5XUQ-Q5B3].

Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022); Police Push, Fire Projectiles at Journalists on Assignment for New York Times, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/journalists-say-police-pushed-one-over-wall-fired-projectiles-them-minneapolis/ [https://perma.cc/ZXY6-JWWR] (last visited Apr. 3, 2023).

Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022).

Courtney Douglas, Amid Black Lives Matter Protests, a Crushing Moment for Journalists Facing Record Attacks, Arrests at the Hands of Law Enforcement, Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press (Sept. 4, 2020), https://www.rcfp.org/black-lives-matter-press-freedom/ [https://perma.cc/6P4Y-AUDA].

Freelance Journalist Struck with Baton While Covering LA Protests, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/multiple-journalists-covering-protests-los-angeles-assaulted/ [https://perma.cc/A6TV-2NL7] (last visited Apr. 3, 2023).

Ryan J. Foley, Journalist Acquitted in Iowa Case Seen as Attack on Press, AP News (Mar. 10, 2021), https://apnews.com/article/andrea-sahouri-acquitted-cd95fea66c260ec7990a2ccda06a6ca7 [https://perma.cc/SKE4-DTQ4].

William Morris, The Jury Made the Right Decision: Reporter Andrea Sahouri Acquitted in Trial Stemming from Arrest as She Covered Protest, Des Moines Reg. (Mar. 10, 2021, 1:32 PM), https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2021/03/10/andrea-sahouri-trial-des-moines-register-reporter-acquitted-george-floyd-protest-arrest/6933780002/ [https://perma.cc/R9NU-ETEJ].

Reporters Committee Submits Letter for Hearing on Park Police Attack on Australian Journalists, Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press, https://www.rcfp.org/briefs-comments/house-letter-park-police-attacks/ [https://perma.cc/AM3W-F273] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).

Peter Mitchell, 7NEWS Reporter Amelia Brace Testifies Before US Congress over Police Attack on News Crew, 7 News (Sept. 24, 2020), https://7news.com.au/entertainment/tv/aust-reporter-describes-dc-police-beating-c-1133390

Photographer Arrested by NYPD While Covering Pro-Police March, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/photographer-arrested-by-nypd-while-covering-pro-police-march/ [https://perma.cc/HC3G-EAXZ] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).

Grace Morgan (@MorganNYC), Twitter (July 27, 2020, 2:57 PM), https://twitter.com/MorganNYC/status/1287824366961475585 [https://perma.cc/7WN2-R2YT]; Independent Portland Multimedia Journalist Tackled, Maced and Arrested by Federal Agents, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/independent-portland-multimedia-journalist-tackled-maced-and-arrested-federal-agents/ [https://perma.cc/255A-2BWH] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).

Decentralized Police Organizations, Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/police/Decentralized-police-organizations [https://perma.cc/3HJ3-38M2] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023); Alice Speri, Ambushed by the Cops: When Police Deliberately Trap Peaceful Protesters, The Intercept (June 2, 2021, 11:22 AM), https://theintercept.com/2021/06/02/kettling-protests-charlotte-police/ [https://perma.cc/E2GH-MCK6]; U.S. Dep’t of Just., Nat’l Inst. Just. J., Winter 2010, Issue No. 267, https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/233280.pdf [https://perma.cc/93LU-SUPG].

Kirstin McCudden, Between the Bookends: 1 Year of Press Freedom Violations, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker (May 24, 2021), https://pressfreedomtracker.us/blog/between-the-bookends-1-year-of-press-freedom-violations/ [https://perma.cc/XVM7-4FTH].

E-mail from Stephanie Sugars, Senior Reporter, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, to Soham Mehta, Intern, Knight First Amendment Institute (Jan. 12, 2023) (on file with author).

E-mail from Stephanie Sugars, Senior Reporter, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, to Joel Simon, Senior Research Fellow, Knight First Amendment Institute (Feb. 17, 2023) (on file with author).

Interview with Leita Walker, Partner, Ballard Spahr, & Isabella Salomão Nascimento, Associate, Ballard Spahr (July 28, 2022); Leita Walker, Ballard Spahr, https://www.ballardspahr.com/people/attorneys/w/walker-leita [https://perma.cc/U7GJ-8DJJ] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).

Interview with Leita Walker, Partner, Ballard Spahr, & Isabella Salomão Nascimento, Associate, Ballard Spahr (July 28, 2022); Veronica Stracqualursi, Minnesota Governor Calls for Calm Following Unrest, Says He Expects ‘Swift’ Justice for Officers, CNN Pol. (May 29, 2020, 2:25 PM), https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/29/politics/minnesota-governor-tim-walz-cnn-arrest/index.html [https://perma.cc/J3GQ-QJ4N]; Minn. Gov. Tim Walz Apologizes to CNN: ‘I Take Full Responsibility,’ It’s Inexcusable, Grabien, https://grabien.com/story.php?id=290887 [https://perma.cc/772T-QACX] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).

Interview with Leita Walker, Partner, Ballard Spahr, & Isabella Salomão Nascimento, Associate, Ballard Spahr (July 28, 2022); About the Firm, Ballard Spahr, https://www.ballardspahr.com/About/About-the-Firm [https://perma.cc/HE75-3UJQ] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023); Leita Walker, Ballard Spahr, https://www.ballardspahr.com/people/attorneys/w/walker-leita [https://perma.cc/U7GJ-8DJJ] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).

Interview with Leita Walker, Partner, Ballard Spahr, & Isabella Salomão Nascimento, Associate, Ballard Spahr (July 28, 2022).

Id.; Mohamed Ibrahim & Mike Householder, Cop, Police Chief Resign 2 Days After Black Motorist’s Death, AP News (May 3, 2021), https://apnews.com/article/daunte-wright-protests-minnesota-police-shooting-taser-73b1af26c9ed5d437988d8d1c72bb311 [https://perma.cc/9L7W-J99K].

Jared Goyette & Andrea Salcedo, Police Fatally Shoot Man, 20, in Suburban Minneapolis, Sparking Protests, Wash. Post (Apr. 12, 2021, 3:52 AM), https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/04/11/daunte-wright-brooklyn-center-minnesota/ [https://perma.cc/X6GX-CD5R].

Vanessa Romo et al., Kim Potter Is Found Guilty of Manslaughter in the Death of Daunte Wright, NPR (Dec. 23, 2021, 3:58 PM), https://www.npr.org/2021/12/23/1066012247/kim-potter-trial-daunte-wright [https://perma.cc/WRG6-XXGP] (Potter was released in April 2023 after serving 16 months of the sentence); Associated Press, Minnesota Officer Who Killed Daunte Wright in 2021 Released from Prison, NPR (Apr. 24, 2023, 10:27 AM), https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/minnesota-officer-who-killed-daunte-wright-in-2021-released-from-prison [https://perma.cc/ULE5-8KUM].

Madeline Holcombe, The Police Shooting of Daunte Wright Has Sparked Nights of Protests and Days of Fast-Moving Case Developments, CNN (Apr. 16, 2021, 1:13 PM), https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/16/us/daunte-wright-minnesota-shooting-friday/index.html [https://perma.cc/B3X8-WNQT].

Lydia Morrell, Frey Issues Second Nightly Curfew in Minneapolis After Daunte Wright Killing, Minn. Daily (Apr. 13, 2021), https://mndaily.com/267132/news/frey-issues-second-nightly-curfew-in-minneapolis-after-daunte-wright-killing/ [https://perma.cc/3LQ6-JA7C].

Id.

See, e.g., United States: CFWIJ Highly Condemns The Police Assault Against Carolyn Sung, CFWIJ (Apr. 20, 2021), https://www.womeninjournalism.org/threats-all/us-cfwij-highly-condemns-the-police-assault-against-carolyn-sung [https://perma.cc/6R6E-KEF5].

United States: CFWIJ Highly Condemns The Police Assault Against Carolyn Sung, CFWIJ (Apr. 20, 2021), https://www.womeninjournalism.org/threats-all/us-cfwij-highly-condemns-the-police-assault-against-carolyn-sung [https://perma.cc/6R6E-KEF5].

Id.

Id.
Kellen Browning, Minnesota Governor Calls Alleged Assaults on Journalists ‘Chilling,’ N.Y. Times (Apr. 18, 2021), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/18/business/minnesota-journalists-assault-protests.html [https://perma.cc/M869-VRK4]; Photojournalist Hit by Officers with Batons During Brooklyn Center Protest, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/photojournalist-hit-by-officers-with-batons-during-brooklyn-center-protest/ [https://perma.cc/9DTN-MXNM] (last visted May 26, 2023).

Sarah Bahr, Beyond Peril: How the Times Responds When a Journalist’s Safety Is Compromised, N.Y. Times (May 26, 2021), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/26/insider/journalists-safety-response.html [https://perma.cc/AD52-8T8D]; Photojournalist Hit by Officers with Batons During Brooklyn Center Protest, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/photojournalist-hit-by-officers-with-batons-during-brooklyn-center-protest/ [https://perma.cc/9DTN-MXNM] (last visted May 26, 2023).

Angelique Jackson et al., Reporting While Black: The Complexity of Covering Racial Inequality as a Black Journalist, Variety (June 3, 2020 6:15 AM), https://variety.com/2020/tv/features/black-journalists-racial-inequality-protests-george-floyd-1234623820/ [https://perma.cc/KN54-2SHH]; Katti Gray, The Racial Divide on News Coverage, and Why Representation Matters, Knight Found. (Sept. 25, 2020), https://knightfoundation.org/articles/the-racial-divide-on-news-coverage-and-why-representation-matters/ [https://perma.cc/833M-ZDU9].

Letter from Leita Walker, Partner, Ballard Spahr, to Tim Walz, Governor of Minn. (Apr. 17, 2021), https://cpj.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Letter-to-Minnesota-governor.pdf [https://perma.cc/6U3F-CXD5]; Status Coup News, Minnesota Cops DETAINING Press, Snapping Their Pictures to Store in App, YouTube (Apr. 17, 2021), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIRzKemQIc8&ab_channel=StatusCoupNews [https://perma.cc/M7DY-PFNG].

Status Coup News, Minnesota Cops DETAINING Press, Snapping Their Pictures to Store in App, YouTube (Apr. 17, 2021), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIRzKemQIc8&ab_channel=StatusCoupNews [https://perma.cc/M7DY-PFNG].

Interview with Ed Ou, Photojournalist, Reportage by Getty Images (Aug. 25, 2022).

Id.

Class Action Complaint and Demand for a Jury Trial at 25, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW/DTS) (D. Minn. June 2, 2020) (No. 1), https://www.aclu-mn.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/2020_06_02_dkt_1_complaint_0.pdf [https://perma.cc/83LA-3RD9].

Brian Hauss & Teresa Nelson, Police Are Attacking Journalists at Protests. We’re Suing., ACLU (June 3, 2020), https://www.aclu.org/news/free-speech/police-are-attacking-journalists-at-protests-were-suing [https://perma.cc/4Y3B-5C58].

Interview with Isabella Salomão Nascimento, Associate, Ballard Spahr (Aug. 26, 2022).
Mncogi v. City of Minneapolis et al., ACLU (June 3, 2021) https://www.aclu-mn.org/en/cases/mncogi-v-city-minneapolis-et-al [https://perma.cc/H7H5-L75C].

Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs & Azi Paybarah, Protesters Clash with Police After Minnesota Officer Shoots Black Man, N.Y. Times (Nov. 30, 2021), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/11/us/brooklyn-center-minnesota-police-shooting.html [https://perma.cc/EM4D-Y8ZB]; Ord. Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Temp. Restraining Ord. at 2-3, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW/DTS) (D. Minn. Apr. 16, 2021) (No. 105), https://www.aclu-mn.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/goyette_tro_granted_1.pdf [https://perma.cc/LMJ6-7GW3].

Ord. Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Temp. Restraining Ord. at 19-20, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW/DTS) (D. Minn. Apr. 16, 2021) (No. 105), https://www.aclu-mn.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/goyette_tro_granted_1.pdf [https://perma.cc/LMJ6-7GW3]; The Honorable Wilhelmina M. Wright: Communication, U.S. Dist. Ct.: Dist. Minn., https://www.mnd.uscourts.gov/WMW [https://perma.cc/7H44-VTPG] (last visited Apr. 12, 2023).

Transcript of Motions Hearing at 1, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW-DTS) (D. Minn. July 28, 2021).

Id. at 20, 25-55.

Id.at 101-04.

Id. at 58, 221-25, 228-29.

Id.at 297-99.

NBC News, Minnesota Governor Holds News Conference on George Floyd Protests - May 31 | NBC News, YouTube (June 1, 2020), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DK-Ua2TlCHw&t=1240s [https://perma.cc/GV9W-HV89].

Ord. Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Preliminary Injunction at 29, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW-DTS) (D. Minn. Oct. 28, 2021).

Id. at 15.

Ord. Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for Monitored Injunction at 6-9, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW-DTS) (D. Minn. Feb. 8, 2022) (No. 316), https://www.aclu-mn.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/goyette_agreement_d._minn._20-cv-01302_dckt_000316_000_filed_2022-02-08.pdf [https://perma.cc/8YWC-2WJW].

Id.at 8-9.

Press Release, ACLU, ACLU-MN Wins $825,000 Settlement, Reforms to End Minnesota State Patrol Attacks on Journalists (Feb. 8, 2022) (https://www.aclu-mn.org/en/press-releases/goyettesettlement [https://perma.cc/C2G7-2QTX]); Mediated Settlement Agreement, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW-DTS) (D. Minn. Jan. 10, 2022), https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/co/Documents/goyette-fully-executed-settlement-agreement-state-defendants.pdf [https://perma.cc/BD6H-B63R].

Interview with Isabella Salomão Nascimento, Associate, Ballard Spahr (Aug. 26, 2022).

Interview with Carolyn Cole, Staff Photographer, L.A. Times (Nov. 8, 2022).

Id.

Interview with Ed Ou, Photojournalist, Reportage by Getty Images (Aug. 25, 2022).

Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022).
A body-worn camera recorded the following exchange among police officers (on file with author):
Fuck these media.”
These media ain’t going anywhere.”
[mockingly] “Hold on a second, let me, let me check your credentials, make a few phone calls just to verify who the fuck …”
They think they can do whatever they want.”
"There’s a fucking curfew.”
They’re everywhere. They’ll fucking [inaudible] trip you …”

Interview with Mike Shum, Indep. Filmmaker (July 27, 2022).

Id.

Jim Beckerman, Journalists Seem Unwelcome at Protests Now, But It Wasn’t Always So, North Jersey (May 2, 2021, 9:38 AM), https://www.northjersey.com/story/opinion/2021/04/30/protest-attendees-dont-like-reporters-why-beckerman/7325512002/ [https://perma.cc/RFR8-99ZD]. Lois Beckett, ‘Open Season on Media’: Journalists Increasingly Targeted at Los Angeles Protests, The Guardian (Sept. 1, 2021, 6:00 AM), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/01/los-angeles-protest-journalists-attacked-violence [https://perma.cc/CD29-DGJX].

British Reporter Struck with Crowd-Control Munitions Amid Minneapolis Protest, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/british-reporter-struck-with-crowd-control-munitions-amid-minneapolis-protest/ [https://perma.cc/KK23-67AX] (last visited May 26, 2023).

Interview with Gabe Rottman, Dir., Reps. Comm.’s Tech. & Press Freedom Project (Aug. 18, 2022).

City News Serv., Gov. Newsom Signs Bill to Ensure Press Freedom in California, Spectrum News 1, (Oct. 10, 2021, 10:40 AM), https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/politics/2021/10/10/gov--newsom-signs-bill-to-ensure-press-freedom-in-california [https://perma.cc/CCA7-96V9].

Interview with Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club (July 21, 2022); Adam Rose, L.A. Press Club, https://lapressclub.org/about/board/adam-rose-2/ [https://perma.cc/L5C4-E53A] (last visited Mar. 26, 2023).

Interview with Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club (July 21, 2022); Erik Pedersen, Remembering Hilly Rose, Longtime Los Angeles Radio Host, Dead at 91, O.C. Reg. (Jan. 2, 2018, 2:24 PM), https://www.ocregister.com/2018/01/02/remembering-hilly-rose-longtime-los-angeles-radio-host-dead-at-91/ [https://perma.cc/3FGC-XJTU].

Interview with Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club (July 21, 2022); James Janega & Tribune Staff Writer, Judd Rose, 45, TV Newsman Known for Deft Writing, Wit, Chi. Trib. (June 13, 2000, 12:00 AM), https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2000-06-13-0006130069-story.html [https://perma.cc/Y984-87CN].

Interview with Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club (July 21, 2022); Jessica P. Ogilvie, KPCC Reporter Josie Huang’s Account of Her Arrest by LA County Sheriff’s Deputies, LAist (Sept. 13, 2020, 2:30 PM), https://laist.com/news/arrest-of-laist-reporter-josie-huang-in-her-own-words [https://perma.cc/K44J-SWD6].

Frank Stoltze, LA County Sheriff’s Deputies Remain Hospitalized After ‘Ambush’ Shooting, LAist (Sept. 13, 2020, 8:24 AM), https://laist.com/news/la-county-sheriffs-deputies-remain-hospitalized-after-ambush-shooting [https://perma.cc/6EBH-HBRC].

Id.; L.A. Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, Press Conference: Sheriff Villanueva Discusses Ambush Shooting of Two Deputies in Compton, Facebook (Sept. 13, 2020), https://www.facebook.com/LosAngelesCountySheriffsDepartment/videos/714009679330400/?v=714009679330400&extid=8GB9prYwA0nMZ2WZ [https://perma.cc/7WC4-64VB]; Compton, CA to St Francis Medical Ctr, 3630 E Imperial Hwy, Lynwood, CA 90262, United States, Google Maps, https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Compton,+CA/St.+Francis+Medical+Center,+3630+East+Imperial+Highway,+Lynwood,+CA/@33.9134486,-118.2299672,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x80c2cb6b7f1d5b4d:0x56bce9a915bcb42!2m2!1d-118.2200712!2d33.8958492!1m5!1m1!1s0x80c2cc75d2fdf601:0x9ce9feb4461fc332!2m2!1d-118.2033698!2d33.9303318 [https://perma.cc/99H7-U5JM] (last visited Mar. 26, 2023).

Matthew S. Schwartz, KPCC Journalist Tackled, Arrested While Trying To Cover L.A. Protest, NPR (Sept. 13, 2020, 3:44 PM), https://www.npr.org/2020/09/13/912479498/kpcc-journalist-tackled-arrested-while-trying-to-cover-l-a-protest [https://perma.cc/7W8U-GETN].

Jessica P. Ogilvie, KPCC Reporter Josie Huang’s Account of Her Arrest by LA County Sheriff’s Deputies, LAist (Sept. 13, 2020, 2:30 PM), https://laist.com/news/arrest-of-laist-reporter-josie-huang-in-her-own-words [https://perma.cc/K44J-SWD6].

Id.

Journalist Josie Huang Arrested, Charged with Obstructing Police in Los Angeles, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/journalist-josie-huang-arrested-charged-obstructing-police-los-angeles/ [https://perma.cc/7LZT-R4ZT] (last visited Mar. 26, 2023).

Stefanie Dazio, ‘That’s on Her’: Sheriff Stands by Arrest of Reporter and Criticizes Sports Figures, Civic Leaders, NBC L.A. (Sept. 15, 2020, 7:25 PM), https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/los-angeles-county-sheriff-reporter-arrest-deputy-shooting/2428282/ [https://perma.cc/UZ57-5PEW].

Id.; Brittany Martin, Inspector General Says the Sheriff’s Department May Have Made False Claims About a Reporter’s Arrest, L.A. Mag. (Sept. 17, 2020), https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/josie-huang-arrest-lasd-villanueva/ [https://perma.cc/7LZT-R4ZT].

Id.

Ben Jealous, Sheriff Villanueva Is a Danger to the People He Is Sworn to Serve, People for the Am. Way (Sept. 29, 2022), https://www.pfaw.org/blog-posts/sheriff-villanueva-is-a-danger-to-the-people-he-is-sworn-to-serve/ [https://perma.cc/64YM-J8CP]; Sam Levin, ‘The Sheriff Who Went Rogue’: Alex Villanueva’s Scandal-Plagued Tenure Ends in LA, The Guardian (Nov. 16, 2022, 7:00 AM), https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/nov/16/alex-villanueva-la-county-sheriff-loses-robert-luna [https://perma.cc/E6WT-9BRF].

Aaron Mendelson, Debunking Sheriff Villanueva’s False or Misleading Claims About the Arrest of KPCC/LAist’s Josie Huang, LAist (Sept. 16, 2020, 12:13 PM), https://laist.com/news/debunking-sheriff-villanueva-false-misleading-claims-arrest-kpcc-laist-josie-huang [https://perma.cc/G6XZ-PCHD].

Id.; Letter from Bruce D. Brown, Exec. Dir., Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press, to Sheriff Alex Villanueva, L.A. Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, & Lt. John Satterfield, L.A. Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t (Sept. 16, 2020) (https://www.rcfp.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/RCFP-LA-County-Sheriff-Letter-Latest-as-of-9-18-20.pdf [https://perma.cc/2JB6-MYXM]).

Adam Rose, LinkedIn, https://www.linkedin.com/in/adjoro [https://perma.cc/93AP-5J5Z] (last visited Mar. 26, 2023); Interview with Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club (July 21, 2022).

Interview with Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club (July 21, 2022); Press-Police Interaction Tracking Doc For California (Adam Rose’s spreadsheet), (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1fvDDwyAfL8rMGyU8sYIAJ5ZKntSwnPpFzcXh8tQfMU4/edit#gid=0 [https://perma.cc/7S3T-M9AK]).

Press-Police Interaction Tracking Doc For California (Adam Rose’s spreadsheet), (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1fvDDwyAfL8rMGyU8sYIAJ5ZKntSwnPpFzcXh8tQfMU4/edit#gid=0 [https://perma.cc/7S3T-M9AK]); Interview with Cerise Castle, Journalist (July 27, 2022); Reporter for NPR Affiliate Struck by Rubber Bullet During LA Protests, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/reporter-for-npr-affiliate-struck-by-rubber-bullet-during-la-protests/ [https://perma.cc/MGF7-XMMD] (last visited Mar. 9, 2023); Cerise Castle, https://cerisecastle.me/ [https://perma.cc/U4LC-2HCB] (last visited Mar. 9, 2023); Mike Kessler, KPCC/LAist Reporters Tear-Gassed, Shot with Rubber Bullet, LAist (May 31, 2020, 9:00 PM), https://laist.com/news/reporters-injured-protests-police [https://perma.cc/EYK8-YUL8]; A Look Inside KCRW’s New Santa Monica Office, Officelovin, https://www.officelovin.com/2019/07/inside-kcrws-modern-new-santa-monica-office/ [https://perma.cc/84UH-YTK2] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).

Interview with Cerise Castle, Journalist (July 27, 2022).

Id.; Beverly/Fairfax, Google Maps, https://www.google.com/maps/place/Beverly+%2F+Fairfax/@34.0761966,-118.6325229,10z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x4e21c64ec7c3b267!8m2!3d34.0761966!4d-118.3611263 [https://perma.cc/25SW-JJGP] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023); Reporter for NPR Affiliate Struck by Rubber Bullet During LA Protests, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/reporter-for-npr-affiliate-struck-by-rubber-bullet-during-la-protests/ [https://perma.cc/Z9Q5-YVKG] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).

Interview with Cerise Castle, Journalist (July 27, 2022); Reporter for NPR Affiliate Struck by Rubber Bullet During LA Protests, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/reporter-for-npr-affiliate-struck-by-rubber-bullet-during-la-protests/ [https://perma.cc/Z9Q5-YVKG] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).

Interview with Cerise Castle, Journalist (July 27, 2022).

Id.

Press-Police Interaction Tracking Doc For California (Adam Rose’s spreadsheet), (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1fvDDwyAfL8rMGyU8sYIAJ5ZKntSwnPpFzcXh8tQfMU4/edit#gid=0 [https://perma.cc/7S3T-M9AK]); Rubber Bullet Hits LA Times Photojournalist’s Camera and Arm, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/rubber-bullet-hits-la-times-photojournalists-camera-and-arm/ [https://perma.cc/VQ57-EUG6] (last visited Apr. 3, 2023).

See supra Chapter 1; Aaron M. Cantú’s Motion to Dismiss the Indictment at 10, District of Columbia v. Cantú, No. 2017 CF2 001304 (D.C. Super. Ct. Jan. 19, 2018), https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/4356287/1-19-18-Aaron-Cantu-Motion-to-Dismiss.pdf [https://perma.cc/RGZ5-YJN8]; Complaint for Damages at 3, Cantú v. District of Columbia, No. 20-cv-00130-ABJ (D.D.C. Jan. 16, 2020) (No. 1), https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/16715665/1/cantu-v-district-of-columbia/ [https://perma.cc/W3TE-G9DW].

Journalist Detained During Downtown Los Angeles Protest, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker (May 31, 2020), https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/journalist-detained-during-downtown-los-angeles-protest/ [https://perma.cc/29FL-LC2E]; E-mail from Aaron Cantú, Author, Cap. & Main, to Joel Simon, Senior Research Fellow, Knight First Amendment Institute (Dec. 7, 2022) (on file with author).

Interview with Aaron Miguel Cantú, Investigative Rep., Capital & Main, The Guardian & The Intercept (July 22, 2022).

Press-Police Interaction Tracking Doc For California (Adam Rose’s spreadsheet), (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1fvDDwyAfL8rMGyU8sYIAJ5ZKntSwnPpFzcXh8tQfMU4/edit#gid=0 [https://perma.cc/7S3T-M9AK); L.A. Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, https://lasd.org/ [https://perma.cc/2M2V-8X75] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023); Frank Stoltze, LA Explained: The Police, LAist (June 27, 2018, 3:47 PM), https://laist.com/news/criminal-justice/la-explained-the-police https://perma.cc/CQ4A-SEBM].

Frank Stoltze, LA Explained: The Police, LAist (June 27, 2018, 3:47 PM), https://laist.com/news/criminal-justice/la-explained-the-police https://perma.cc/CQ4A-SEBM].

David Folkenflik, From Kid Gloves to Rubber Bullets: How the LAPD’s Ties to News Media Unraveled (Mar. 31, 2022, 5:00 AM), https://www.npr.org/2022/03/31/1089643078/lapd-media-echo-park-history [https://perma.cc/KJG2-QVLR]; David Folkenflik & Marc Rivers, When Police Cracked Down on Reporters on One Chaotic Night in LA’s Echo Park, NPR (Mar. 31, 2022, 5:17 AM), https://www.npr.org/2022/03/31/1087495900/echo-park-protest-lapd-journalist [https://perma.cc/GC2X-4UYX].

LAPD Officers Beat Rodney King on Camera, Hist. (Mar. 2, 2021), https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/police-brutality-caught-on-video [https://perma.cc/DH4W-4RLD].

Id.; Johnathan Lloyd, 1992 LA Riots Timeline: Key Events Before and After the Rodney King Verdict, NBC L.A. (Apr. 29, 2022, 6:48 AM), https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/timeline-rodney-king-beating-lapd-verdict-1992-la-riots/2880027/ [https://perma.cc/U6Q9-9MHF].

Id.; David Folkenflik, From Kid Gloves to Rubber Bullets: How the LAPD’s Ties to News Media Unraveled (Mar. 31, 2022, 5:00 AM), https://www.npr.org/2022/03/31/1089643078/lapd-media-echo-park-history [https://perma.cc/KJG2-QVLR].

Id.; see supra Chapter 2.

SB 629: California Senate Bill, Fast Democracy, https://fastdemocracy.com/bill-search/ca/20192020/bills/CAB00017450/ [https://perma.cc/5P7X-CKUZ] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023); Reporters Committee Supports California Bill that Would Protect Journalists Covering Protests, Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press, https://www.rcfp.org/briefs-comments/rcfp-supports-california-sb629/ [https://perma.cc/RE3H-TV99] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023); Janie Har & Felicia Fonseca, Media Access to Wildfires, Disasters Varies Widely by State, AP News (Sept. 11, 2020), https://apnews.com/article/wildfires-media-oregon-washington-redskins-forestry-4c7f60408e3841540b4172a2e6b95e25 [https://perma.cc/7CLK-H5SB].a

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Id.; Reporters Committee Supports California Bill that Would Protect Journalists Covering Protests, Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press, https://www.rcfp.org/briefs-comments/rcfp-supports-california-sb629/ [https://perma.cc/RE3H-TV99] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023); Interview with Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club (July 21, 2022).

E-mail from Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club, to Joel Simon, Senior Research Fellow, Knight First Amendment Institute (Jan. 28, 2023) (on file with author).

Letter from Gavin Newsom, Governor of Cal., to Members of the Cal. State Sen. (Sept. 30, 2020), https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/SB-629.pdf [https://perma.cc/B8NR-TSTY]; Journalist Josie Huang Arrested, Charged with Obstructing Police in Los Angeles, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/journalist-josie-huang-arrested-charged-obstructing-police-los-angeles/ (last updated Sept. 24, 2020) [https://perma.cc/E944-VCSW].

Letter from Gavin Newsom, Governor of Cal., to Members of the Cal. State Sen. (Sept. 30, 2020), https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/SB-629.pdf [https://perma.cc/B8NR-TSTY].

Id.

Gov. Newsom Signs Bill to Ensure Press Freedom in California, Spectrum News 1 (Oct. 10, 2021, 10:40 AM), https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/politics/2021/10/10/gov--newsom-signs-bill-to-ensure-press-freedom-in-california [https://perma.cc/S2FT-R9XA].

Aaron Schrank, What Happened to Echo Park Lake’s Homeless Residents?, KRCW (Mar. 24, 2022), https://www.kcrw.com/news/shows/greater-la/homelessness-theater-weed-2/echo-park-lake-homeless-fallout [https://perma.cc/C98T-ES39]; Things to Do, Discover L.A., https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/echo-park-lake [https://perma.cc/VG6C-H3QR] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).

Sam Levin, Unhoused and Unequal: A California Crisis, The Guardian (Mar. 23, 2022, 9:00 PM), https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/mar/23/los-angeles-echo-park-unhoused-residents-homelessness [https://perma.cc/L337-PFZF]; Statement on Detentions of Media Personnel NR21094rj, L.A. Police Dep’t (Mar. 26, 2021), https://www.lapdonline.org/newsroom/statement-on-detentions-of-media-personnel-nr21094rj/ [https://perma.cc/V5PV-T8B2].

Id.

Jamie Loftus, The Fight for Echo Park Lake: Fences and Neighbors, Knock L.A. (Mar. 25, 2021), https://knock-la.com/echo-park-lake-march-24-sweep-fence-mitch-ofarrell/ [https://perma.cc/68HP-PGFW].

Id.

Kevin Rector, LAPD Detains, then Releases, Los Angeles Times Reporter Covering Unrest in Echo Park, L.A. Times (Mar. 25, 2021, 11:08 PM), https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-03-25/lapd-detains-times-reporter-covering-unrest-in-echo-park [https://perma.cc/E2B4-6X3D].

Id.

Journalist Detained by LAPD During Echo Park Lake Protest, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/journalist-detained-by-lapd-during-echo-park-lake-protest/ [https://perma.cc/7RJ5-P7CQ] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).

David Folkenflik & Marc Rivers, When Police Cracked Down on Reporters on One Chaotic Night in LA’s Echo Park, NPR (Mar. 31, 2022, 5:17 AM), https://www.npr.org/2022/03/31/1087495900/echo-park-protest-lapd-journalist [https://perma.cc/GC2X-4UYX]; Kio Herrera, More Than 50 Journalists Arrested or Detained While on the Job in the US in 2021, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker (Nov. 22, 2012), https://pressfreedomtracker.us/blog/arrests-of-journalists-remain-a-threat-to-a-free-press/ [https://perma.cc/N32Y-RX4J].

Interview with Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club (July 21, 2022).

Open Letter from Asian Am. Journalists Ass’n L.A. et al., to Gavin Newsom, Governor of Cal. (Sept. 15, 2021), https://docs.google.com/document/d/187KxrQJ6dE77ENXWhXtjz_sJ2tTA9rhs9tH52JTcjYY/edit; Ashanti Blaize-Hopkins, Open Letter & Press Release from California Journalists on SB 98, NABJLA (June 1, 2021), https://www.nabjla.com/blog/2021/6/1/open-letter-amp-press-release-from-california-journalists-on-sb-98 [https://perma.cc/FU9X-QKHQ].

Ashanti Blaize-Hopkins, Open Letter & Press Release from California Journalists on SB 98, NABJLA (June 1, 2021), https://www.nabjla.com/blog/2021/6/1/open-letter-amp-press-release-from-california-journalists-on-sb-98 [https://perma.cc/FU9X-QKHQ]; Aarón Cantú (@aaron_con_choco), Twitter (June 2, 2021, 5:34 PM), https://mobile.twitter.com/aaron_con_choco/status/1400204127221673986 [https://perma.cc/V7L8-BRJA].

City News Serv., State Senators Drop Amendment to Press Protection Bill After Media Coalition Opposes Change, Times San Diego (June 6, 2021), https://timesofsandiego.com/politics/2021/06/06/state-senators-drop-amendment-to-press-protection-bill-after-media-coalition-opposes-change/ [https://perma.cc/742D-LV4E].

Interview with Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club (July 21, 2022).

Id.

Press Release, Coal. of Indep. Cal. and Nat’l Orgs., Open Letter from California Journalists on SB 98, (June 2, 2021, 12:00 AM) (https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/open-letter-from-california-journalists-on-sb-98,194582 [https://perma.cc/J4CH-6P2B]).

Interpreting SB 98: A Guide for Journalists and Law Enforcement, Media Guild of the W. (Nov. 12, 2021), https://www.mediaguildwest.org/news/sb98-legal-interpretation [https://perma.cc/2QRZ-HWJC]; Gov. Gavin Newsom Signs SB 98 to Protect Journalists Covering Protests, Demonstrations, Times of San Diego (Oct. 9, 2021), https://timesofsandiego.com/business/2021/10/09/gov-gavin-newsom-signs-sb98-to-protect-journalists-covering-protests-demonstrations/ [https://perma.cc/Q4P8-VKSQ]; Public Peace: Media Access, S.B. 629, 2019-2020 Sess. (Cal. 2020), https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB629 [https://perma.cc/P7RG-DR5W]; Public Peace: Media Access, S.B. 98, 2021-2022 Sess. (Cal. 2021), https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB98 [https://perma.cc/2EKH-9AZM].

Gov. Gavin Newsom Signs SB 98 to Protect Journalists Covering Protests, Demonstrations, Times of San Diego (Oct. 9, 2021), https://timesofsandiego.com/business/2021/10/09/gov-gavin-newsom-signs-sb98-to-protect-journalists-covering-protests-demonstrations/ [https://perma.cc/Q4P8-VKSQ].

Reporters Committee Urges California Governor to Sign Bill Protecting Journalists at Protests, Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press, https://www.rcfp.org/briefs-comments/letter-to-gov-newsom-sb-98/ [https://perma.cc/LWJ3-TNTU] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).

Id.; Gov. Gavin Newsom Signs SB 98 to Protect Journalists Covering Protests, Demonstrations, Times of San Diego (Oct. 9, 2021), https://timesofsandiego.com/business/2021/10/09/gov-gavin-newsom-signs-sb98-to-protect-journalists-covering-protests-demonstrations/ [https://perma.cc/Q4P8-VKSQ].

Memorandum from Michael Moore, Chief of Police, on Assembly Bill 48 – Use of Kinetic Energy Projectiles and Chemical Agents and Senate Bill 98 – Media Access to Closed Areas – Assemblies, Protests and Demonstrations to the Honorable Bd. of Police Comm’rs, (Dec. 8, 2021) (on file with author).

Id.; LAPD News Media Identification Card Guidelines: Media/Press Pass Policy, L.A. Police Dep’t, https://www.lapdonline.org/public-communications-group/media-relations-division/press-pass-policy/ [https://perma.cc/TP5F-LS2F] (last visited Apr. 3, 2023).

Memorandum from Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club, to the L.A. Press Club (May 8, 2021) (https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BYhvh_DlRRAPxDfKN51c6pglUNWDeAQT2YdPy1aTEb0/edit [https://perma.cc/Q535-LUQB]); Police Departments Restructure Press Pass Policies to Adapt to Bloggers, Freelancers, Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press (Fall 2010), https://www.rcfp.org/journals/the-news-media-and-the-law-fall-2010/police-departments-restructur/ [https://perma.cc/4C85-PH5U].

Id.

Mary Angela Bock et al. Badges? Who Needs Them? Police Press Credential Policies, Professionalism, and the New Media Environment, 19, Journalism, 349, 349–65 (2018).

Id.

Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Org., No. 19-1392, slip op. (U.S. June 24, 2022), https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/19-1392_6j37.pdf [https://perma.cc/4G4J-GPLY]; Protests of Abortion Ruling Continue in Downtown LA, Antelope Valley Press (June 26, 2022), https://www.avpress.com/news/protests-of-abortion-ruling-continue-in-downtown-la/article_55fbc6ca-f4f8-11ec-b714-4fa7507c34ec.html [https://perma.cc/3RM6-MY2G].

Id.

Protests of Abortion Ruling Continue in Downtown LA, Antelope Valley Press (June 26, 2022), https://www.avpress.com/news/protests-of-abortion-ruling-continue-in-downtown-la/article_55fbc6ca-f4f8-11ec-b714-4fa7507c34ec.html [https://perma.cc/3RM6-MY2G].

Incident Database, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/?state=CA&date_lower=2022-01-01&date_upper=2022-12-31&endpage=3 [https://perma.cc/M9XD-29PD] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023) (search for incidents in California that took place after Jan. 1, 2022 and before Dec. 31, 2022).

Tina-Desiree Berg, https://www.tinadesireeberg.com/ [https://perma.cc/4R64-XQUX] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023); Journalist Struck, Shoved to Ground While Documenting LA Protests on Reproductive Rights, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/journalist-struck-shoved-to-ground-while-documenting-la-protests-on-reproductive-rights/ [https://perma.cc/Q84Z-TZ4L] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).

Lexis-Olivier Ray, Man Found Hanging from Tree in Whittier Narrows Wednesday Morning, L.A. Taco (Aug. 4, 2022), https://www.lataco.com/whittier-narrows-hanging-death-man/ [https://perma.cc/7FR9-VZVT]; Incident Database, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/?state=CA&date_lower=2022-01-01&date_upper=2022-12-31&endpage=3 [https://perma.cc/M9XD-29PD] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023) (search for incidents in California that took place after Jan. 1, 2022 and before Dec. 31, 2022).

Kevin Rector, LAPD Treatment of Journalists Denounced, Again, After Abortion Rights Protest Downtown, L.A. Times (June 25, 2022, 2:46 PM), https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-06-25/lapd-treatment-of-journalists-denounced-again-after-abortion-rights-protest-downtown [https://perma.cc/BV7F-8X6Q].

Interview with Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club (July 21, 2022); Audio Recording of LAJC and L.A. Police Dep’t Meeting (July 5, 2022) (on file with author).
[Note from Joel Simon: Recording cannot be referenced directly – Citation?]

Audio Recording of LAJC and L.A. Police Dep’t Meeting (July 5, 2022) (on file with author).

Interview with Adam Rose, Sec’y, L.A. Press Club (July 21, 2022).

Id.

Michael Parker, Linkedin, https://www.linkedin.com/in/michaelparkergroup/ [https://perma.cc/72GR-7C43] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023); Handwritten notes from interview with Michael Parker (Sept. 7, 2022) (on file with author).

Michael Parker, Linkedin, https://www.linkedin.com/in/michaelparkergroup/ [https://perma.cc/72GR-7C43] (last visited Mar. 8, 2023).

Handwritten notes from interview with Michael Parker (Sept. 7, 2022) (on file with author).

Id.

Leischen Stelter, React Without Reaction: What Cops Should Do When Being Recorded, Police 1 by Lexipol (Feb. 27, 2018), https://www.police1.com/patrol-issues/articles/react-without-reaction-what-cops-should-do-when-being-recorded-L0SpNNcNZ4mY2Dpd/ [https://perma.cc/PT6N-C7L8].

H.R. Res. 1009, 116th Cong. (2020), https://schiff.house.gov/imo/media/doc/Resolution%20Denouncing%20Violence%20Against%20Press%20in%20the%20US%206.8.2020.pdf [https://perma.cc/45J9-JYRZ].

Congress Profiles: 116th Congress (2019-2021), History, Art & Archives United States House of Representatives, https://history.house.gov/Congressional-Overview/Profiles/116th/ [https://perma.cc/F875-5NTJ] (last visited May 26, 2023); H.Res.1009 - Recognizing the Threats to Press Freedom in the United States in the Wake of Protests Following the Killing of George Floyd, an Unarmed Black Man, by Police in Minneapolis on May 25, 2020, Reaffirming the Centrality of a Free and Independent Press to the Health of Democracy, and Reaffirming Freedom of the Press as a Priority of the United States in Promoting Democracy, Human Rights, and Good Governance, Congress.gov, https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/1009/actions [https://perma.cc/HJ8R-MZPA] (last visited May 26, 2023).

H. R. Res. 0292, 100th Legis., Reg. Sess. (Mich. 2020), http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(uwl432ac1hix5j1hza3of2ah))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectname=2020-HR-0292 [https://perma.cc/Q9KF-DQ4X].

Id.

Jeff Glasser – General Counsel, L.A. Times (June 7, 2017, 3:35 PM), https://www.latimes.com/about/lat-jeff-glasser-vice-president-legal-story.html [https://perma.cc/387W-ZD6S]; Interview with Jeff Glasser, General Counsel, L.A. Times (July 13, 2022).

Interview with Jeff Glasser, General Counsel, L.A. Times (July 13, 2022).

State Patrol Troopers Undergo Media Training Following $825K Settlement, CBS News Minn. (Apr. 21, 2022, 2:38 PM), https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/state-patrol-troopers-undergo-media-training-following-825k-settlement/ [https://perma.cc/MT4L-RHLU].

Mickey Osterreicher, Nat’l Press Photographers Ass’n, https://multimediaimmersion.nppa.org/faculty/mickey-osterreicher/ [https://perma.cc/S2BT-UTCZ] (last visited Mar. 26, 2023); Mickey Osterreicher, Just. Clearing House, https://www.justiceclearinghouse.com/resource/mickey-osterreicher/#:~:text=Mickey%20H.,Office%20(ECSO)%20since%201976 [https://perma.cc/VTM7-9FJ3] (last visited Mar. 26, 2023). The NPPA received funding to conduct training from the First Look Media Defense Fund and the Knight Foundation, which also supports the Knight First Amendment Institute. Press Release, NPPA, NPPA to Instruct Police and Journalists About Right to Record with $200,000 in New Funding (May 17, 2021) (https://nppa.org/news/nppa-instruct-police-and-journalists-about-right-record-200000-new-funding [https://perma.cc/XR5X-9BDN]).

Statement on Recent Temporary Restraining Order, Minn. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/msp/Pages/msp-statement-recent-temporary-restraining-order.aspx [https://perma.cc/S7VG-5KMU] (last visited Mar. 26, 2023); Interview with Mickey H. Osterreicher, Gen. Counsel, Nat’l Press Photographers Ass’n (Nov. 18, 2022).

Interview with Mickey H. Osterreicher, Gen. Counsel, Nat’l Press Photographers Ass’n (Nov. 18, 2022).

Id.; Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs & Azi Paybarah, Protesters Clash with Police After Minnesota Officer Shoots Black Man, N.Y. Times (Nov. 30, 2021), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/11/us/brooklyn-center-minnesota-police-shooting.html [https://perma.cc/EM4D-Y8ZB].

Interview with Mickey H. Osterreicher, Gen. Counsel, Nat’l Press Photographers Ass’n (Nov. 18, 2022).

Ord. Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for Monitored Injunction at 8-9, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW-DTS) (D. Minn. Feb. 8, 2022) (No. 316), https://www.aclu-mn.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/goyette_agreement_d._minn._20-cv-01302_dckt_000316_000_filed_2022-02-08.pdf [https://perma.cc/8YWC-2WJW].

Id. at 8-9.

Interview with Mickey H. Osterreicher, Gen. Counsel, Nat’l Press Photographers Ass’n (Nov. 18, 2022).

Id.

Id.; Ord. Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for Monitored Injunction at 7, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW-DTS) (D. Minn. Feb. 8, 2022) (No. 316), https://www.aclu-mn.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/goyette_agreement_d._minn._20-cv-01302_dckt_000316_000_filed_2022-02-08.pdf [https://perma.cc/8YWC-2WJW].

Ord. Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for Monitored Injunction at 9, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW-DTS) (D. Minn. Feb. 8, 2022) (No. 316), https://www.aclu-mn.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/goyette_agreement_d._minn._20-cv-01302_dckt_000316_000_filed_2022-02-08.pdf [https://perma.cc/8YWC-2WJW].

Interview with Mickey H. Osterreicher, Gen. Counsel, Nat’l Press Photographers Ass’n (Nov. 18, 2022); Interview with Gabe Rottman, Dir., Reps. Comm.’s Tech. & Press Freedom Project (Aug. 18, 2022).

Ord. Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for Monitored Injunction at 8, Goyette v. City of Minneapolis, No. 20-cv-1302 (WMW-DTS) (D. Minn. Feb. 8, 2022) (No. 316), https://www.aclu-mn.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/goyette_agreement_d._minn._20-cv-01302_dckt_000316_000_filed_2022-02-08.pdf [https://perma.cc/8YWC-2WJW].

Index Newspapers LLC v City of Portland, ACLU, https://www.aclu-or.org/en/cases/index-newspapers-llc-v-city-portland [https://perma.cc/YJY2-5ADE] (last visited Mar. 26, 2023); Temp. Restraining Ord., Woodstock v. City of Portland, No. 3:20-cv-1035-SI (D. Or. July 2, 2020), https://www.aclu-or.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/7.2.2020_tro_-_woodstock_v_portland.pdf [https://perma.cc/E39P-BRBS].

Index Newspapers LLC v City of Portland, ACLU, https://www.aclu-or.org/en/cases/index-newspapers-llc-v-city-portland [https://perma.cc/YJY2-5ADE] (last visited Mar. 26, 2023); Class Action Allegation Complaint: Demand for Jury Trial, Woodstock v. City of Portland, No. 3:20-cv-1035-SI (D. Or. June 28, 2020), https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ord.153126/gov.uscourts.ord.153126.1.0.pdf [https://perma.cc/W96K-UR7H].

Class Action Allegation Complaint: Demand for Jury Trial at 2, Woodstock v. City of Portland, No. 3:20-cv-1035-SI (D. Or. June 28, 2020), https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ord.153126/gov.uscourts.ord.153126.1.0.pdf [https://perma.cc/W96K-UR7H].

Id. at 2.

Id. at 6.

Id. at 25-26; Portland Police (@PortlandPolice), Twitter (June 15, 2020, 12:33 AM), https://twitter.com/PortlandPolice/status/1272386738338410496 [https://perma.cc/LF53-TD46].

Class Action Allegation Complaint: Demand for Jury Trial at 26, Woodstock v. City of Portland, No. 3:20-cv-1035-SI (D. Or. June 28, 2020), https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ord.153126/gov.uscourts.ord.153126.1.0.pdf [https://perma.cc/W96K-UR7H].

Temp. Restraining Ord., Woodstock v. City of Portland, No. 3:20-cv-1035-SI (D. Or. July 2, 2020), https://www.aclu-or.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/7.2.2020_tro_-_woodstock_v_portland.pdf [https://perma.cc/E39P-BRBS].

Id. at 9.

Peter Baker et al., Trump Threatens to Send Federal Law Enforcement Forces to More Cities, N.Y. Times (July 24, 2020), https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/20/us/politics/trump-chicago-portland-federal-agents.html [https://perma.cc/ZCP6-FRZ3].

Mike Baker, Chaotic Scenes in Portland as Backlash to Federal Deployment Grows, N.Y. Times (July 21, 2020), https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/us/portland-protests.html [https://perma.cc/WP4Y-V2JV].

Id.

Rebecca Ellis, Police Keep Injuring Journalists Covering Portland Protests, OPB (June 16, 2020, 11:15 PM), https://www.opb.org/news/article/portland-journalists-harmed-covering-george-floyd-blm-protests/ [https://perma.cc/RBM2-GU3W]; Interview with Beth Nakamura & Dave Killen, Oregonian photographers (Nov. 22, 2022).

Interview with Beth Nakamura & Dave Killen, Oregonian photographers (Nov. 22, 2022).

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Id. at 27.

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Id. at 2.

Id. at 23-25.

Id. at 24.

Id. at 40-41.

Id. at 58-61.

Id.

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Id. at 56.

Id.

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Id. at 44-45.

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Id.

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Id. at 60.

Id. at 6-7, n.3.

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Id.

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Joel Simon is a senior visiting fellow at the Knight Institute, 2022-2023.

Covering Democracy: Protests, Police, and the Press

Preface + Introduction

COVERING DEMOCRACY

PROTESTS, POLICE, AND THE PRESS

By Joel Simon

june 20, 2023

Preface

By Jameel Jaffer

Introduction

Minneapolis, MN
05-29-2020

Reported Incidents of Press Freedom Violations
2014-2023

Minneapolis, MN
05-30-2020

Minneapolis, MN
05-29-2020

Ch 1: The Trump Inauguration →

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1

The Trump Inauguration

Chapter 2

From Little Rock to Ferguson

Chapter 3

Covering the George Floyd Protests

Chapter 4

Legal Reform in California

Chapter 5

A Presumption of Journalism

Recommendations

Protecting press freedom

COVERING DEMOCRACY

PROTESTS, POLICE, AND THE PRESS

By Joel Simon

june 20, 2023

Preface

By Jameel Jaffer

Minneapolis, MN05-29-2020

Reported Incidents of Press Freedom Violations2014-2023

Minneapolis, MN05-30-2020

Minneapolis, MN05-29-2020

Acknowledgments

Minneapolis, MN
05-29-2020

Reported Incidents of Press Freedom Violations
2014-2023

Minneapolis, MN
05-30-2020

Minneapolis, MN
05-29-2020